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Sluoloflifitf  Jn'minanj, 

PRINCETON.  N  J 


No.  Case,  P-!M* 


No.  Shell,  Se€*km-;- 
No.  Book, _ •___ 


■PJ30ZI 


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ELEMEN T  S 


OF 

CHALDEE,  SYRIAC,  SAMARITAN, 

AND  RABBINICAL 


GRAMMAR. 


BY 

JOHN  G.  PALFREY,  D.  D., 

Professor  of  Biblical  Literature  in  the  University  of  Cambridge, 


BOSTON: 


PUBLISHED  BY  CROCKER  AND  BREWSTER. 

GOULD  AND  NEWMAN,  PRINTERS. 

1835. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1835,  by 

CROCKER  AND  BREWSTER, 
in  the  Clerk’s  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  Massachusetts, 


PREFACE. 


The  bases  of  the  following  manual  are  Vater’s  grammar,  in  Ger¬ 
man,  of  the  Chaldee  and  Syriac,  and  Otho’s,  in  Latin,  of  the  Sa¬ 
maritan  and  Rabbinical.  While,  in  translating,  I  have  greatly 
abridged  both  works,  especially  the  former,  I  have  at  the  same 
time  made  additions,  particularly,  in  the  Chaldee,  from  Winer’s 
grammar  ;  in  the  Syriac,  from  Uhlemann’s ;  in  the  Samaritan,  from 
the  preface  to  Castell’s  Lexicon;  and,  in  the  Rabbinical,  from  the 
Rabbinismus  Enucleatus  of  Danz. 

My  object  was,  to  afford  to  the  students  of  our  Divinity  College, 
an  opportunity  to  become  acquainted  with  languages,  so  useful  in 
their  relations  to  the  study  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments.  I  do 
not  know  that  there  is  any  grammar,  in  English,  of  either  of  them, 
except  the  Chaldee. 

I  would  willingly  have  treated  them  more  in  detail.  Particular¬ 
ly,  I  could  have  desired  to  furnish  paradigms  of  all  the  forms  of 
verbs,  for  the  greater  facility  in  consultation.  But,  even  if  there 
had  been  any  probability  of  remuneration  for  such  an  expense,  there 
are  not  types  enough  in  New  England,  (I  suppose  not  in  the  coun¬ 
try,)  to  print  so  much  as  a  paradigm  of  the  Syriac  perfect  verb. 
As  the  best  compensation  for  this  want,  of  which  the  case  admitted, 
I  have  taken  great  pains  in  the  arrangement  of  rules,  describing  the 
deviations  in  Syriac  verbs,  and  in  the  irregular  classes  of  the  Chal¬ 
dee,  from  the  paradigm  on  pages  26,  27.  And  if,  in  such  a  con- 


* 


PREFACE. 


densed  form,  those  varieties  are  discerned  with  less  convenience 
than  if  they  were  spread  before  the  eye,  I  hope  that  this  is  the 
greatest  fault  which  the  student  will  remark,  and  even  that  he  will 
be  rewarded  for  the  severer  attention  required,  by  finding  that,  in 
this  generalized  statement  of  separate  facts,  the  leading  principles 
of  construction  will  sooner  fix  themselves  in  his  mind. 

The  difference  in  the  sizes  of  English  type,  in  the  several  parts 
of  the  work,  was  made  necessary  by  that  of  the  Oriental  letters, 
which  were  to  be  composed  with  English  in  the  same  line. 

The  doctrine  of  the  Chaldee  tone,  on  page  7,  which  is  that  of 
Vater,  l  have  not  seen  reason  so  to  alter,  as  to  admit  further  ex¬ 
ceptions  to  the  general  rule.  Exceptions  are,  of  course,  departures 
from  the  Chaldee  analogy  ;  and  Hebrew  analogy  is,  in  such  a  case, 
not  of  equal  authority.  Again;  I  have  preserved  Vater’s  arrange¬ 
ment  of  the  conjugations  Ithpeel  and  Ittaphal  in  verbs  Gnain  Vau, 
instead  of  transposing  them,  with  Winer.  The  analogy  of  forms 
does  not  clearly  determine  either  disposition  ;  but  its  evidence  seems 
to  me  rather  to  incline  to  the  former  authority.  I  have  taken  no 
notice  of  the  diacritical  points  in  Syriac ;  as  they  are  not  used  in 
the  best  modern  printing  ;  in  books  which  use  them,  but  which  are 
at  the  same  time  fully  pointed,  I  think  they  are  best  neglected  by 
the  learner  ;  and  books  without  a  full  vowel  punctuation  are  unfit 
for  a  learner’s  use. 

I  have  given  no  Syntax  ;  and  this  not  merely  because  of  the 
brevity  which  it  was  necessary  for  me  to  study,  but  because  I  con¬ 
ceive,  that,  in  this  class  of  languages,  facts  commonly  arranged  un¬ 
der  that  head,  are,  for  the  most  part,  best  learned  by  practice.  A 
few  such  facts  I  have  introduced  in  other  connexions. 

Should  this  little  work  obtain  a  favourable  reception,  1  may,  be¬ 
fore  long,  complete  the  survey,  (such  as  it  is,)  of  this  family  of  lan¬ 
guages,  by  a  manual  of  Arabic  grammar ;  which  1  think  admits  of 


PREFACE. 


being  much  simplified,  for  the  purposes  of  a  Biblical  scholar. 
Meanwhile,  such  occasion  for  the  undertaking,  as  gave  rise  to  the 
present  essay,  does  not  exist,  as,  in  the  University  library,  we  have 
several  grammars  of  that  tongue. 

Divinity  College ,  Cambridge ; 

17 th  June,  1835. 


ERRATA. 


The  following  list  would  have  been  shorter,  had  not  the  author’s  dis¬ 
tance  from  the  press  precluded  the  advantage  of  repeated  revision. 

Page  6,  tenth  line  from  foot,  for  it  read  o  ♦ 

“  like,  “  u nth. 

after  feminine  insert,  singular  and , 


“  6,  ninth  “ 

“  9,  seventh  “ 


a 

u 


u 

12,  fourth  “ 

top, 

for  praet. 

read 

such. 

il 

17,  fourteenth  “ 

foot, 

“  most, 

u 

mostly. 

u 

20,  thirteenth  “ 

a 

•  -T- 

u 

V . 

x 

(( 

25,  eighth  “ 

top 

“  sufformative ,  u 

form. 

CHALDEE  AND  SYRIAC. 

i  >  y'  IHJ 

\ 


Throughout  the  following  treatise,  a  previous  knowledge  of 
Hebrew,  on  the  part  of  the  student,  is  supposed. 


PART  I 


WRITING  AND  PRONUNCIATION. 


§  1.  CONSONANTS. 


Chaldee. 

Syriac. 

Fin. do. 

Names  of  do. 

Samaritan. 

Rabbinical. 

Olaph 

A 

n 

t-a 

Beth 

a 

y 

a 

Gomal 

i 

> 

?  r 

• 

Dolath 

T 

7 

n 

01 

He 

1 

0 

o 

Vau 

5r 

1 

T 

1 

Zain 

y 

n 

Oi 

Heth 

n 

D 

4 

Teth 

p 

a 

Yud 

or 

s 

Koph 

a 

Lomad 

l 

b 

D,  53 

>0 

Mim 

0,  P 

J 

^  V 

Nun 

> 

b  3 

D 

£D 

*.£0 

Semkath 

D 

? 

E  •*"  ^ 

V 

1> 

P|.  B 

Pe 

Id 

<l>  D 

Y’  2 

Tsode 

•m 

hi 

£ 

«-D 

Quoph 

p 

P 

• 

’  r 

Rish 

a 

to,  to 

JO 

Shin 

JUW 

c 

n 

A  Z 

fl 

Tau 

A 

p 

V  denotes  Lomad  Olaph,  ^  final  Lomad  Olaph; 

Olaph  Lomad;  and  final  double  Lomad. 

2 


6  §§  2.  3.  VOWELS - PECULIAR  SOUND  OF  CONSONANTS. 


In  Chaldee,  consonants  have  the  same  names  and  force 
with  the  corresponding  Hebrew.  The  numerical  power 
of  the  corresponding  Hebrew,  Chaldee,  and  Syriac  letters 
is  the  same. 


§  2.  VOWELS. 

The  Chaldee  vowels  are  the  same  with  the  Hebrew. 
The  Syriac  vowels  are  five.  They  are  expressed  by 
two  different  classes  of  characters,  of  which  the  first, 
given  below,  is  used  in  the  more  recent  printing,  while 
the  more  ancient,  as  the  London  Polyglott,  and  Gutbir’s 
New  Testament,  employ  both  indiscriminately. 


Pethocho 

7 

♦  • 

—  or  — 

• 

a  in  father. 

Revotzo 

'h 

—  or  — 

•  •  • 

a  in  fame . 

Chevotzo 

X 

• 

• 

e  in  he. 

Zekofo 

0 

• 

• 

o  in  bone. 

Etzotzo 

•A 

• 

• 

u  in  rural. 

Etzotzo  is  always  followed  by  the  consonant  o 

in  two  words,  viz.  and  In  proper  names  and 

other  words  of  foreign  origin  is  often  to  be  sounded 
like  Zekofo,  as  «_£dq.jo%Z  ;  ♦ 

Most  of  the  points  are  found  placed  sometimes  below, 
sometimes  above,  their  consonants;  and  etymology  must 
often  decide  to  which  of  two  adjoining  consonants  a  vowel 
belongs. 

The  Syriac  diphthongs  are  o_I  oiv ;  qj_  ,  li ;  .  . 7 ,  ai; 

0  ** 
oi ;  and  o,_  ,  yu. 


§  3.  Peculiar  sounds  of  some  Consonants. 

]  between  two  vowels  is  sounded  like  as  $7f]  o-yar. 


§  4.  5.  QU1ESCENTS,  ETC. - LINEA  OCCULTANS,  ETC. 


7 


j  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  is  pronounced  e. 

When  ]  and  occur  without  a  vowel  at  the  beginning 
of  a  word,  the  former  is  sounded  as  if  it  had  1  or  _,  the 
latter  as  if  it  had  _  ,  ,  beginning  a  word,  is  to  be  read 

a:  — 

as  if  pointed  with  _  , 

§  4.  Quiescent  and  Otiant  Letters. 

o  and  when  they  have  no  vowel  of  their  own, 
either,  1.  make  diphthongs,  (as  in  §  2.);  or,  2.  when, 
at  the  end  of  a  word,  they  follow  a  letter  also  without  a 
vowel,  are  otiant ;  or,  3.  they,  and  ],  following  a  con¬ 
sonant,  which  has  a  vowel,  quiesce  in  the  latter. 

§  5.  Linea  Occultans,  Ribbui ,  and  Epenthetic  Nun. 

Linea  occultans  is  a  horizontal  line  under  a  letter,  signify¬ 
ing  that  it  is  not  to  be  sounded;  as  bath . 

Two  points,  placed  horizontally  over  nouns  and  verbs 
in  the  plural  number,  are  called  Ribbui;  e.  g.  . 

*T\ 

Ribbui  excludes  the  point  of  $ 1 

Nun,  besides  its  common  form  of  epenthesis,  is  some¬ 
times  used  in  Chaldee  instead  of  Daghesh  forte. 

§  6.  Tone  syllable. 

In  Chaldee  the  tone  is  always  on  the  last  syllable,  ex¬ 
cept  in  the  few  Segholate  forms,  and  the  dual  number,  of 
nouns,  and  in  the  first  and  third  persons  plural  preterite 
of  verbs. 

Regularly  the  tone,  in  Syriac,  is  on  the  last  syllable, 
when  the  word  ends  with  a  sounded  consonant ;  otherwise, 
on  the  penult. 


PART  II. 


ETYMOLOGY. 

CHAPTER  I.  NOUNS  AND  PRONOUNS. 

§  7.  Gender  and  Number  of  Nouns. 

The  Chaldee  forms  the  feminine  by  adding  Jl-.? 
*1,  or  ,  to  the  masculine.  The  Syriac  forms  it  by  ad¬ 
ding  ]1 ,  o-  ,  ,  or  2.1 ,  or  changing  ]  into  . 

x 

The  Chaldee  forms  the  dual  with  and  .  The 
Syriac  has  no  dual  except  in  four  words,  where  it  ends 
in  ;  viz.  three  numerals  and  the  name  of  Egypt. 

Masculme  -plurals  in  Chaldee  end  in  ;  in  Syriac,  in 

x  ^ 

To  form  the  plural  feminine ,  the  Chaldee  changes 
into  ^  into  “jl,  and  into  *p.  The  Syriac  changes 

into  <1,  O— -  and  zl  into  ,  and  into  ^  4  Syriac 
plurals  are  often  formed  from  words  similar  to  their 
singulars,  but  now  obsolete,  particularly  such  as  had 
oi ;  o  7  or  o  final ;  as  |vo|  ^  ^l^d]  ♦ 

Syriac  compound  nouns ,  in  becoming  plural,  give  the 
plural  form  to  the  first  noun  in  composition,  or  to  the 
second ,  or  to  both. 

§  8.  Cases. 

A  noun  is  thrown  into  the  genitive  case ,  either,  1.  by 
receiving  the  prefix  ‘l,  5,  or  being  preceded,  (in  Chal- 
dee,)  by  the  word  ^ ;  or,  2.  as  in  Hebrew,  by*  the 


§  9.  EMPHASIS. 


9 


construct  state  of  the  preceding  noun.  The  construct 
state  is  formed  by  the  change,  in  the  masculine  'plural ,  of 
*p_  ,  ,  into  and  of  into  ;  in  the  femi¬ 
nine  singular ,  of  \Z,  into  n_ ,  Z— ;  __  into  n1-? 

Z»_  ,  and  %  into  HI,  ZoJ;  and  in  the  feminine  plural , 
of  ] ,  v,  into  n ,  Z . 

The  dative  is  made  by  the  prefix  7 ,  ^ , 

The  accusative  is,  1.  the  same  with  the  nominative; 
or,  it  is  indicated,  2.  by  the  prefix  7,  V,;  or,  3.  by 
the  particle  fP,  Aj?  preceding.  The  latter  form  occurs 
in  Syriac  very  rarely. 

§  9.  Emphasis. 

The  Article,  instead  of  being  a  prefixed  syllable,  as  in 
Hebrew,  is  expressed  in  Chaldee  and  Syriac  by  a  change 
in  the  termination  of  the  noun,  forming  what  is  called  the 
emphatic  state. 

The  emphatic  state  is  formed,  in  the  masc .  singular  by 
the  addition  of  f"I-,  ]Z ;  in  the  masc.  plural  by  the 

change  of  ^  ,  ^Z  of  the  construct  to  , 

^  ••  5  '  •  •  *T  '  ♦  •  1 

?  ;  in  the  feminine  singular  by  the  change  of  D— , 

zZ  of  the  construct  to  tfn  ,  |A  ;  and  in  the  feminine  ^plural  s»l 
by  the  addition  to  the  construct  of  |  „ 

T 

In  assuming  the  emphatic  state,  as  also  in  receiving 
some  pronominal  suffixes  and  forming  the  masculine  plural, 
the  following  vowels  of  the  final  syllable  fall  out;  viz.  in 
Chaldee,  and  occasionally  _  and  ~;  and  in  Syriac 

and  in  some  feminines,  Final  V,  i,  1, 


10 


§.  10.  CHALDEE  PERSONAL  PRONOUNS. 


___  ,  Z  ,  and  o  J ,  are  retained.  The  penult  vowel  sustains 

ac 

no  change;  but  the  falling  away  of  the  final  vowel  often 
gives  occasion  to  the  insertion  of  a  new  vowel,  to  prevent 
the  accumulation  of  contiguous  consonants. 


§  10.  CHALDEE  PERSONAL  PRONOUNS. 

Nominative  Case.  Oblique  Cases. 

Singular. 


1st  pers.  ,  or  fijN  com. 

1  T  "•  -r-  •• 

T  '  T  • 

2d  do.  riDJtf  com. 

•  • 

3d  do.  jttin  masc. 
fc^iTI  fern. 


(a)  ( b )  (with  the 

prepositions  V,  3,  SB)  • 
( a )  TJ_  ;  (6)  1]  masc. 

(«)  (i)  1!  fem. 

(a)  •>»■>;  (4)hn- 

(a)  n_;  (b)  n,  NH. 


Plural. 


1st 

pers 

4UH3 

T  * 

or  c. 

t  : — : 

(a) 

1_;  (6)  M. 

T  T  'T  T 

2d 

do. 

■pirn 

masc. 

113 

• 

■jnDN 

fem. 

ft- 

(with  , 

3d 

do. 

or  pan  m. 

(a) 

p3_;  (6)  113; 

3)  lift;  (as  a 

separate 

word,)  pa& . 

(with  5? , 

or  “Jpfl  fem. 

(a) 

D)  3H ;  (as  a 

separate 

word,)  pN. 

The  letters  (a)  and  (6)  in  this  table  have  the  same 
force  as  in  the  table  of  Syriac  pronouns  below.  A  few 
irregular  forms  occur,  which  the  lexicons  will  shew. 


§11.  SYRIAC  PERSONAL  PRONOUNS. 


11 


§  11.  SYRIAC  PERSONAL  PRONOUNS. 

Nominative  Case.  Oblique  Cases. 

Singular. 

1st  pers.  com.  gender. 


2d  do.  Aj]  masc. 
•» 

_Aj|  femin. 

3d  do. 


ogi  ,  octi  masc. 


^ci ,  _cn  fern. 


(«)  5  and  ;  ( b )  ; 

(c)  1 ;  (with  the  pre¬ 

positions  a  ,)  SJi-, 

(«)  ;  (6)  ^  ♦ 

(«)  ;  (6)  ;  (c)  ♦ 

'a 

(«)  oi—5  x_*cjiqj — 5  and  \ 

'A  -  or  -  jc 

(6)  ^_»oi  5  and  _,aio  j  (r) 

•> 

9 

(a")  rn. 


. .  . 


Plural. 


1st  pers.  com. 

2d  do.  voAj|  masc. 

_jA  j)  fem. 

^  *  - 

3d  do.  .  qjoi  ,  or  Q  j]  masc. 

\  <A  ^  /T> 

% 

_ajoi  ,  or  . j|  fem. 

^  *A  <A  ^  'A 'A 


(«)  and  (6)v;  (c)  v_'. 
(a)<a^;  (c), as_. 

(a)  ;  (c)  *2  J  . 

cQj]  as  a  separate  word ; 
( with  the  prepositions 
and  o,)  <001. 

aJ]  as  a  separate  word ; 

^  *\n\ 

( with  the  prepositions 
^  and  o,)  _jow 

'  'A 


The  forms  marked  (a)  are  affixed  to  verbs,  ending 
with  a  consonant,  unless  that  consonant  be  in  which 
case,  for  the  most  part,  the  forms  marked  (c)  occur.  This 
latter  form  also  occurs  in  union  with  the  2d  person  mascu- 


12 


§  12.  POSSESSIVE  PRONOUNS. 


line  singular  and  the  3d  person  feminine  plural  praeter.  The 
forms  marked  ( b )  are  affixed  to  verbs  ending  with  o  or  ^ 
otiant,  which  then  become  o J  and  .  Where  no  form 

/IN*  *  1  „  /'x*  /V»  -|  *  S  I X.6-/V 

(o)  is  given,  the  form  (a)  is  affixed  to  verbs. 

Verbs  Lomad  Olaph  have  peculiar  forms  of  suffixes, 
as  will  be  seen  under  those  verbs. 


When  the  pronouns  of  the  first  and  third  persons  sin¬ 
gular  are  used  for  the  substantive  verb,  the  first  letter 
has  a  linea  occultans.  When  the  previous  word  ends  in 
,  ocn  is  often  used  for  o<n  ,  and  ] J  for  . 


§12.  CHALDEE  AND  SYRIAC  POSSESSIVE  PRONOUNS, 

OR  NOUN  SUFFIXES. 

The  suffixes  to  nouns  singular  of  both  genders,  and  to 
nouns  plural  of  the  feminine  gender  are  exhibited  in  the 
table  of  suffixes  to  verbs,  except  that  the  first  person  sin¬ 
gular  has  ,  _ ,  __ ;  and  the  third  person  plural  has 
ft.  ;  ,001  5  ^07. 

Nouns  singular  masculine  append  suffixes  to  their  em¬ 
phatic  state  with  thrown  out.  The  same  holds 

of  nouns  singular  feminine  in  repect  to  suffixes  marked 
(a) ;  (that  is,  those  which  have  a  union  vowel ;)  other  suf¬ 
fixes  this  class  of  nouns  append  to  their  construct  state. 
Nouns  plural  feminine  append  suffixes  to  their  construct  state. 
The  same  is  true  of  Syriac  nouns  plural  masculine;  ex¬ 
cept  that,  in  them,  1.  the  suffixes  begin  with  2.  the 
suffix  of  the  first  person  singular  is  generally  syncopated, 
and  disappears;  and,  3.  in  taking  suffixes  of  the  third 


§  13.  DEMONSTRATIVE,  ETC.,  PRONOUNS. 


13 


person  singular,  ^  is  changed  into  o  before  the  mascu¬ 
line  suffix,  and  _!  into  J  before  the  feminine.  Chaldee 
nouns  plural  masculine,  in  taking  suffixes,  change  final 
of  their  construct  state  to  the  following  forms,  viz. 


Singular. 

1st  person 

2d  do.  masc.  ;  fem.  . 

/  T  •  •  — 

3d  do.  masc.  ;  fem. 

an_,  s^-. 

T  T  *"* 


Plural. 

TT  T 

masc.  fem. 

I  40  1  49  44 

masc.  ■prp_  ;  fem.  i-iv 


The  possessive  pronoun  is  frequently  expressed  by  the 
relative  pronoun,  with  the  preposition  *?,  V,,  and 

the  appropriate  suffix;  as  ^1,  my,  mine. 

x 

Syriac  suffixes  are  often  redundant . 


§  13.  DEMONSTRATIVE,  RELATIVE,  AND  INTERROGA¬ 
TIVE  PRONOUNS. 

Demonstrative  pronouns  are, 


In  Chaldee,  sing.  masc.  ■ft.  *IT>  sing.  fem. 
“ ?  *|in,  plural  common, 

▼  T  ,  ^  *  **  •  ##  99  9 


s' 

44  9 


In  Syriac;  sing.  masc.  ,oi,  Jjoi;  sing.  fem.  IjCI,  ]?01; 
plur.  masc.  ojcn,  fem.  Ajcn  ?  com.  .i^cn, 

4  \  >  <r\  ^  <r\  ^  n\ 


In  Chaldee  the  relative  pronoun  is  ‘H,  a  separate 
word;  or  ^  prefixed  to  a  letter  with,  or  ^  (commonly) 
to  a  letter  without  a  vowel. 


In  Syriac  the  relative  is  which  when  the  letter 

next  following  is  without  a  vowel ,  takes  1 ,  unless 

3 


14 


§  14.  VERBS — -CONJUGATIONS. 


the  letter  is  ],  in  which  case  5  takes  its  vowel,  or  in 
which  case  takes 

Interrogative  'pronouns  are ;  singular  masculine  and  femi¬ 
nine  1^3,  singular  masculine  (.j/j;  singular  feminine 

f,,7];  sing.  neut.  *)£,  fcWE,  }i>,  ]Ji>;  plural 

common  HYitf ,  afa,  aTfl,  aTTJ, 

▼  ..  -T  J  —  T  •*  -r  ;  “  \ 


CHAPTER  II.  VERBS. 

§  14.  Conjugations. 

The  common  conjugations  are  Jive  in  number;  viz. 
1.  Pea/,  to  which  belongs  the  root;  2.  Ith -  ( Eth -)  pee/, 
its  passive  ;  3.  Pael,  causative  of  Peal ;  4.  Ith-  ( Eth -) 
paa/,  its  passive;  5.  Aphel ,  causative  of  Peal.  Less 
common  are,  6.  //-  ( £/ -)  taphal ,  passive  of  Aphel; 
7.  Shaphel,  another  causative;  and,  8.  Ish-(Esh-)  taphal, 
its  passive. 

The  additions  and  changes,  by  which  these  are  com¬ 
monly  formed  from  the  root,  are  sufficiently  indicated  by 
their  hames.  But  in  the  Chaldee  derived  Conjugations, 
instead  of  _ ,  sometimes  appears  __ ,  or  or  in  Pael 
_ ;  in  Aphel  and  in  the  first  syllable  of  Pael  and 
Aphel  _  for  _ .  In  Chaldee  and  Syriac,  in  the  last 
syllable  of  the  derived  conjugations  are  found  in¬ 

stead  of  __ ,  __ .  In  Chaldee  T\  occurs  instead  of  a  in 

##  'TV 

the  praeformative  of  Aphel,  and  is  even  retained  in 
the  future  and  participles;  and  in  Ithpeel  and  Ith — 
paal  the  formative  H  is  assimilated,  by  a  Daghesh  forte, 
with  *1  and  beginning  the  root.  In  Chaldee  and 
Syriac  it  is  transposed  with  sibilants ;  and  before  T  ?  1  >  is 


§15.  GROUND  FORMS  AND  DECLENSIONS. 


15 


changed  into  *1 ,  ? ;  before  S ,  ,  into  13 ,  .  In  Chaldee, 

the  Hebrew  Hiphil  occurs  instead  of  Aphel,  and  Hophal 
instead  of  Ittaphal. 

The  Conjugations  Poel,  Poal,  Polel,  Polal,  and  their  pas¬ 
sives,  occur,  where  the  second  radical  quiesces  or  is  doubled. 
More  unusual  forms  are  presented  bj  the  prefixing  of  Si, 
I,  to  Peal;  by  the  insertion  of  o,  after  the  first  radi¬ 

cal;  and  (in  Syriac)  by  the  affixing  of  a  paragogic  __ „ 

x 

§  15.  Ground  forms  and  declensions. 

The  third  person  singular  praeter  masculine  (as  in 
Hebrew)  is  the  root ,  except  in  verbs  Gnain  Vau  and 
Gnain  Yod.  The  ground  form  of  the  future  tense  in  all 
the  conjugations  is  the  second  person  singular  masculine 
imperative. 

In  Peal  of  the  perfect  verb,  in  both  these  forms,  the 
first  radical  letter  is  without  a  vowel.  The  second  com¬ 
monly  has,  in  the  praeter,  J ;  and  in  the  imperative 

_ ,  oJi  •  But  in  Chaldee,  ,  and  1  occur  instead  of  _ 

••  •  — 

in  the  praeter,  and  1 ,  _,  _ ,  instead  of  in  the  im¬ 
perative.  And  in  Syriac,  many  verbs  have  _  instead  of 
f  in  the  root,  and  Z  instead  of  o„  in  the  imperative;  and 
some  have ,  in  the  latter  case,  M  . 

<T> 

The  infinitive  Peal,  in  Chaldee,  prefixes  53 ,  in  Syriac 
va,  to  the  root. 

TV 

The  infinitives  of  all  the  active  conjugations  (except 
Peal)  and  of  all  the  passive  end  in  _ ,  oZ  •  All  Syriac 
infinitives  have  vo  prefixed;  the  Chaldee  present  53  only 
in  Peal. 

All  the  active  conjugations  have  two  participles,  an 


I 


16 


§15.  GROUND  FORMS  AND  DECLENSIONS. 


active  and  a  passive.  In  Peal  the  active  is  ^ftp ,  ^!o ; 

,  ...  *  . 
the  passive  "^Dp ,  ♦  Other  participles  begin  with  ft , 

•  n 

The  following  are  the  Sufformatives  and  Preformatives 
used  in  declension,  pointed  as  they  occur  in  Peal  of  the 
perfect  verb. 


Preterite 

tense. 

Future  tense. 

Singular. 

/ 

3d  masc. 

^.p 

^°P.P 

3d  fem. 

V 

L- 

n_ 

bvp 

•  7i 

• 

•  •  •  • 

2d  masc. 

L,,. 

•  •  •  • 

2d  fem. 

n 

• 

WP. 

•  • 

T-. 

^.P 

1st  com. 

L- 

n_ 

•  * 

bup 
•  1  • 

•  'h 

ac 

Wjj? 

• 

Plural. 

3d  masc. 

o 

*i 

Vop. 

• 

•A 

V°- 

V> 

^.P 
•  • 

3d  fem. 

o 

N- 

f 

•  •  • 

p 

VT 

K 

•  •  •  m 

2d  masc. 

A 

voZ 

■jin 

•  •  • 

•A 

v°- 

•  •  •  • 

2d  fem. 

n 

•  •  • 

p 

V- 

1- 

•  •  •  • 

1  «x 

1st  com. 

V. 

SO 

T 

•  •  • 

VoBj? 

• 

In  Chaldee  praeters 

the  following  varieties  occ 

n 

n 

n 

a 


j 

z 

'h 

z 

z 

'Ts 

} 


h 

n 

n 

3 


j 

J 

Z 

z 


J 

*> 

In 


the  singular  third  person  feminine,  the  vowel  of  the 
root  is  retained ;  _  instead  of  _  is  the  vowel  of  the  first 

syllable;  and  instead  of  fL.—  final,  appear  n _ ,  3TI— — , 

and  n_.  In  the  second  masculine  instead  of  n  appear 
D  ,  51ft ,  and  Nil  .  In  the  first,  instead  of  H _ ,  fP _ , 

t  t  t  ••  ;  ••  ; 

IV-,  and  n_.  In  the  plural  third  person,  _  for  _ 
under  the  second  radical  in  the  masculine;  and  51-  for 

T 

N_  final  in  the  feminine. 

T 

In  Sy  riae  the  plural  praeter  third  person  feminine 


§  16.  GROUND  FORMS  AND  DECLENSIONS. 


17 


sometimes  ends  in  the  third  masculine  in  and 

^  'Tt  ^ 

the  first  person  in  ,_j .  In  the  singular  future  the  third 
person  feminine  sometimes  omits  the  otiant  and  the 
second  feminine  sometimes  receives  it. 

In  Chaldee  the  passive  Participle  sometimes  receives 
the  sufformatives  of  the  praeter  to  form  a  praeter  passive. 


The  present  is  sometimes  expressed  by  a  union  of 
the  participle  with  the  personal  pronoun  in  one  word, 
the  latter  being  placed  last.  In  Syriac,  the  participle,  con¬ 
nected  with  the  substantive  verb  ]ocn  in  the  praeter,  de¬ 
notes  the  imperfect  and  sometimes  the  imperative;  and 
the  praeterite  and  future,  connected  with  the  same  verb, 
respectively  indicate  the  pluperfect  and  the  subjunctive. 

The  imperative  second  person  masculine  in  the  de¬ 
rived  conjugations  is  most^the  same  with  the  third  person 
praeter  masculine.  All  imperatives  add  to  the  masculine 
singular  ,  ^ ,  to  form  the  feminine  singular;  1,  o,  to 
form  the  masculine  plural;  and  ND,  to  form  the 

**■  ^  'n 

feminine  plural. 


§  16.  Changes  of  Verbal  forms  to  receive  Suffix  Pronouns. 

In  Chaldee, 

The  praet.  sing.  3dpers.  masc.  throws  back  its  vowel  except 

before  P>  15- 

3d  „  fern,  omits  the  first  vowel ,  and 
throws  back  the  second. 

1st  „  com.  does  the  same. 

Plur.  3d  „  masc.  throws  back  the  vowel  of  the 

second  radical. 


18 


§  16.  CHANGES  TO  RECEIVE  SUFFIXES. 


The  praet.  plur.  3d  „  fern,  takes  the  masc.  form. 

1st  „  com.  omits  N  final. 

Fut.  sing.  Sdpers.  masc. 

3d  „  fern. 

2d  „  masc. 

Plur.  3d  „  masc. 

2d  „  masc. 

1st  „  com. 

In  the  Infinitive,  is  changed  before  a  suffix  to  n*). 

In  Syriac, 

The  praet.  sing.  3d  pers.  masc.  throws  back  its  vowel,  except 

before  ?  ^  ♦ 

3d  „  fern,  omits  the  first  vowel  and 

throws  back  the  second. 

2d  „  fern,  places  before  final  ^ . 

1st  „  com.  removes  both  vowels,  and 
places  1  after  the  second 
radical. 

Plur.  3d  „  masc.  throws  back  the  vowel,  and 

places  1  after  the  third  radical. 


>•  take  an  epenthetic  D. 


3d  „  fern,  throws  back  the  vowel. 
Fut.  sing.  3d  „  masc. 


3d 


fern. 


2d  „  masc, 
Plur.  1st  „  com. 


omit  o^?  except  before 


The  Imperative  2d  person  singular  feminine  receives  _ 
before  its  last  consonant;  the  second  plur.  masculine  changes 
q^q^.d  'into  ;  and  the  second  plur.  fem.  some¬ 

times  rejects  its  final  ^  * 


§§  17,  18.  PECULIAR  FORMS - IRREGULAR  VERBS. 


19 


§  17.  Peculiar  forms  of  Regular  Verbs. 

In  Chaldee  the  presence  of  the  gutturals  and  Resh  af¬ 
fects  the  vowels  as  In  Hebrew.  In  Syriac  before  a  final 
guttural  or  Rish,  _I  takes  the  place  of  o—  or__ . 

T\ 

Verbs,  consisting  of  four  radicals,  are  declined  like  Pael 
and  Ith-  (Eth-)  paal. 

§  18.  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 

These  are  divided  into  seven  Classes ;  viz.  1.  Pe 
Aleph;  2.  Pe  Yod ;  3.  Pe  JYun ;  4.  Gnain  Aleph ; 

5.  Gnain  Van;  6.  Gnain  doubled;  7,  Lamed  Aleph . 

1.  Verbs  Pe  Aleph. 

Where  the  first  radical  in  the  regular  verb  is  without 
a  vowel,  ]  at  the  beginning  of  a  syllable,  takes  _  or  1 

Ti  f 

but  throws  its  vowel  back  when  preceded  by  a  letter 
which  has  no  vowel. 

At  the  end  of  a  compound  syllable,  N,  )  quiesce  in  the 
preceding  vowel.  Hence  in  the  future  and  infinitive  Peal 
the  vowel  of  the  preformative  is  lengthened  in  Chaldee, 
and  often  (always  in  the  first  person  singular,)  is  changed 
into  ^ ;  and  in  Aphel,  1  in  Chaldee,  and  o  1  in  Syriac  is  the 
vowel  of  the  first  syllable. 

i# ,  I  falls  away  in  the  first  person  singular  future  of 
Pael,  and  in  the  imperative  of*  ,  fz] ;  also, 

in  Syriac,  in  the  first  person  singular  future  of  Peal. 
Often  it  falls  away  in  the  whole  of  Pael,  and  in  the  Chal¬ 
dee  infinitive  of  Peal.  Sometimes  also  in  Ith- (Eth-)  Pael 
and  -Paal,  which  then  double  n,  Z,  preformative. 


20 


§  18.  VERBS  PE  YOD,  PE  NUN,  GNAIN  ALEPH. 


2.  Verbs  Pe  Yod. 

In  Syriac,  where  the  first  radical  of  the  regular 
verb,  beginning  a  syllable,  is  without  a  vowel,  in  this 
class  of  verbs  takes  (But  has  J.)  In  Eth-Peel, 

x  - 

as  also  when  _  follows  •> ,  0?  o?  the  _  is  thrown  back. 

In  Syriac  and  Chaldee,  ^ quiesces  or  makes  a  diph¬ 
thong  with  the  preceding  vowel,  when  it  occurs  at  the 
end  of  a  compound  syllable. 

In  the  future  and  infinitive  Peal,  (except  in  the  1st 
pers.  sing.)  in  Syriac,  is  changed  into  1;  and  in  Chaldee 

__  appears  instead  of _ But  in  Chaldee,  in  place  of 

this  change,  the  11  is  often  assimilated  by  a  Daghesh  forte, 
or  its  place  is  supplied  by  3 .  In  the  Chaldee  impera¬ 
tive  Peal  the  first  radical  commonly  falls  away,  and  the 
same  takes  place  in  three  Syriac  verbs ;  ..  ,  t  Qy. 

*x  ^  x  •  J 

In  Aphel,  Ittaphal,  Shaphel,  1,  o,  take  the  place  of  ^ , 

to  form  in  Chaldee  i,  in  Syriac  o— . 

3.  Verbs  Pe  Nun. 

In  the  imperative  of  Peal,  the  first  radical  falls  away. 

In  the  future  and  infinitive  Peal,  and  throughout  Aphel 
and  Ittaphal,  the  first  radical,  where,  having  no  vowel, 
it  follows  the  preformative,  falls  away  in  Syriac;  and,  in 
Chaldee,  is  assimilated  by  a  daghesh  forte. 

4.  Verbs  Gnain  Aleph. 

No  irregularities  occur  in  this  class  of  verbs  in  Chal¬ 
dee  except  in  a  very  small  number  of  single  instances. 

In  Syriac,  in  Peel,  Ethpeel,  and  Aphel,  their  vowel  is 


<5  18.  VERBS  GNAIN  VAU. 


21 


placed  after  the  first  radical,  and  ]  is  quiescent  In  Pael 
and  Ethpaal,  ]  is  commonly  changed  to  ^ . 

5.  Verbs  Gnaiti  Vau, 

In  Peal,  (except  the  active  participle,)  Ith- (Eth-)  peel, 
Aphel,  and  It-  (Et-)  taphal,  the  regular  middle  radical 
falls  out,  and  between  the  first  and  third  radicals  a  long 
vowel  is  introduced,  which  remains  before  sufformatives 
and  suffixes. 

In  Peal  praeter  and  infinitive,  this  is  _ ,  ;  in  the 

imperative  and  future,  *1,0-;  in  the  passive  participle,  , 

.  .  The  Chaldee  first  person  singular  praeter  shortens 

ar 

the  vowel  of  the  sufformative  to  _ .  In  the  active  parti¬ 
ciple  of  Peal,  1 ,  o ,  is  changed  to  ,  ] ;  but  into  ^ _ 
when  there  is  a  syllabic  accession. 

In  Ith-  (Eth-)  peel,  the  vowel  is  .  The  n ,  l ,  of 

the  preformatives  is  doubled.  ' 

In  Aphel,  the  vowel  is  ,  __ ;  but  in  some  persons 
of  the  praeterite  it  is  commonly,  in  others  sometimes,  _ . 
In  the  passive  participle  it  is  __ ,  1 . 

In  Ittaphal,  the  vowel  is  commonly  _ . 

In  the  infinitives  of  Ith- (Eth-)  peel,  Aphel,  and  Ittaphal, 
— ,  — ,  stand  between  the  first  and  third  radical. 

T 

The  preformatives  of  Peal  and  Aphel  have  no  vowel. 
But  this  remark  does  not  hold  good  of  I,  nor  always  of 
other  preformatives,  in  Syriac;  nor  always,  in  Chaldee,  of 
the  infinitive  Peal,  and  the  future  and  participle  Aphel. 

In  Ittaphal,  _  of  the  preformative  falls  away. 

4 


22 


§18.  VERBS  GNAIN  DOUBLED. 


In  Pael  and  Ith-(Eth-)  paal,  *,  take  the  place  of 

In  this  class  of  verbs  occur,  in  Chaldee,  the  conjugations 
formed  by  doubling  the  third  radical ,  corresponding  to  the 
Hebrew  Polel  and  Polal;  and,  in  Syriac  and  Chaldee, 
those  formed  by  doubling  the  first  and  third ,  corre¬ 
sponding  to  the  Hebrew  Pilpel  and  Pol  pal. 

6.  Verbs  Gnain  doubled . 

Irregularities,  in  Peal  and  Aphel,  are  as  follows;  viz. 

In  Chaldee,  the  second  radical  falls  away  in  cases, 
where  there  is  no  preformative,  and  the  third  radical  is 
without  a  vowel ;  i.  e.  in  Peal  praet.  singular,  third  person 
masculine,  second  common;  plural,  second  masculine  and 
feminine,  first  common;  imperative,  singular  second  mas¬ 
culine,  plural  second  feminine. 

The  second  and  third  radicals  are  combined  by  a 
Daghesh  forte,  and  the  vowel  which  stood  between  them 
is  thrown  back,  in  cases  where  the  third  radical  has  a 
vowel,  and  there  is  no  preformative;  that  is,  in  Peal 
praet.  singular,  third  person  feminine,  first  common;  plural, 
third  masculine  and  feminine ;  imperative  singular,  second 
feminine ;  plural,  second  masculine. 

The  second  radical  is  assimilated  with  the  first  by  a 
Daghesh  forte,  in  cases  where  there  is  a  preformative ; 
that  is,  in  the  infinitive  and  future  of  Peal,  and  the  whole 
of  Aphel. 

In  Syriac,  the  second  radical  (except  in  the  participles 
of  Peal,)  falls  away ;  and  its  vowel  is  attached  to  the  first. 


§18.  VERBS  LAMED  ALEPH. 


23 


The  active  participle  Peal  changes  the  second  radical 
for  i. 

In  this  class  of  verbs  occur,  both  in  Chaldee  and  Syriac, 
the  conjugations,  formed  by  doubling  the  first  and  third 
radicals. 

7.  Verbs  Lamed  Aleph. 

In  this  class  of  verbs,  the  forms,  which  have  no  suf- 
formative,  terminate  as  follows;  viz. 

Praeter  Peal  in  j^_,  ]1;  sometimes  __ . 

Other  Praeterites  in  h__,  the  Chaldee  Aphel  also 

X 

in  . 

•• 

Futures  in  V  ;  also  or  . 

*«  •  •  • 

Imperative  Peal  in  ‘1_  or  n__ ,  . 

x 

„  Ith-(Eth-)peel  in  11  or 

„  Pael,  Ith-  (Eth-)  paal  in  ^ , 

„  Aphel  in  h__ ,  ]1 . 

Infinitive  Peal  in  6*-  or  ,  ]  1 . 

•  •  •  •  ' 

Other  Infinitives  in  ,  !"P_ ,  . 

T  T  *r  T 

Passive  Participle  Pael  and  Aphel  in  ^ 

Other  Participles  in  N  ,  or  ,  or  or 

•7* 

Before  sufformatives,  the  ^ ,  ] ,  of  the  root  is  changed 
into  ** ,  oi ,  or  else  y«//s  away. 

The  change  occurs,  ( without  quiescence  or  diphthong,)  in 
both  languages,  in  the  second  and  third  persons  fem.  plural 
future,  in  infinitives  of  the  derived  conjugations,  and  in 
several  forms  of  the  participles;  also,  in  Chaldee,  in  one 

form  of  the  second  feminine  singular  and  third  feminine 


24 


§18.  VERBS  LAMED  ALEPH. 


singular  and  plural  praeter;  and,  in  Syriac,  in  the  third 
person  feminine  singular  praeter  of  derived  conjugations, 
in  one  form  of  the  third  person  feminine  plural,  and  in  the 
imperative  second  person  feminine  plural.  The  change 
occurs  in  the  praeter  of  all  the  conjugations;  in  Chaldee, 
with  quiescence  of  the  vowel  in  _,  but  in  Peal  and  Ith- 
peel  more  commonly  in  and,  in  Syriac,  with  quies¬ 
cence  in  __  ?  except  that,  in  Peal,  the  vowel  more  com- 
monly  is  J,  forming  a  diphthong .  In  the  Chaldee  Peal 
also,  occurs. 

The  falling  away  occurs  in  Peal,  in  the  third  person 

feminine  singular  and  third  masculine  plural  praeter;  the 
former  ending  in  371— ,  Z— 1 9  the  latter  in  *7,  o_I;  and,  in  all 
the  conjugations,  in  the  second  person  feminine  sin¬ 
gular,  (where  the  Syriac  has  .  for  .  ,)  and  second  and 
third  masculine  plural  future,  (where  the  Chaldee  has  ‘ji 
for  *p,)  in  the  masculine  plural  of  participles,  in  the  se¬ 
cond  person  feminine  singular  and  second  masculine  plural 
of  the  imperative,  and  in  one  form  of  the  Syriac  third 
person  feminine  plural  praeter. 

In  receiving  suffixes,  verbs  of  this  class  experience 
some  peculiar  changes.  The  principal  are  as  follows ; 
viz. 

In  Chaldee,  in  the  praeter,  and  ^  commonly  fall 
away  in  the  third  person  masculine  singular;  com¬ 
monly  terminates  the  verb  in  the  third  person  feminine 
singular;  in  the  first  and  second  person  sing,  generally, 
and  plural  always,  the  verb  remains  unaltered ;  and  in  the 
third  masculine  plural  1  commonly  takes  the  place  of  i, 


<§,  18.  VERBS  LAMED  ALEPH. 


25 


and  of  .  In  those  persons  of  the  future,  which 
have  no  sufformative,  the  third  radical  falls  away,  and  D 
epenthetic  is  interposed  between  the  verb  and  the  suffix 
pronoun  (a).  The  imperative  forms,  which  end  with  a 
vowel,  receive  suffixes  of  the  (b)  class,  without  alteration, 
except  ’1 ,  ,  which  become  .  The  Infinitive  Peal 

either  drops  final  &  or  changes  it  to  1,1 . 

In  Syriac,  when  the  sufformative  ends  with  ]_P ,  |  falls 
away,  and  1  becomes  the  union  vowel  to  a  suffix  of  the 
class  (6).  Forms,  ending  with  either  remain  un- 

3C 

changed,  receiving  a  suffix  of  the  class  (a)  or  (6),  or  lose 
the  final  vowel.  The  third  person  feminine,  first  common, 
and  second  masculine  singular  praeter,  remain  unaltered, 
the  first  two  receiving  a  suffix  (a),  the  last  a  suffix  (c). 
In  forms,  ending  with  otiant  o,  oj-  stands  before  a  suffix 
( b )  instead  ofo-I,  and  cu  instead  of  qj_  .  Forms,  ending 

zc 

with  change  it  to  and  take  a  suffix  (6).  Feminine 

'n  sr\ 

imperatives  __  and  or  become  or  jJ 

^  x  i  aT- 

with  a  suffix  (6),  and  .»_  with  a  suffix  (c).  In  Peal  in- 
finitive,  _  takes  the  place  of 


%  19.  PARADIGM  OF  THE  PERFECT  VERB. 

The  following  is  a  specimen  of  the  changes,  by  con¬ 
jugation  and  declension,  of  the  Chaldee  Perfect  Verb. 


26 

§  19.  PARADIGM  OF  THE 

PERFECT  VERB. 

Peal. 

Ithpeel. 

Pael. 

Ithpaal. 

Praet.  3  m. 

tep. 

yopnx 

^BP 

*jBpna 

3  f. 

n^Bpris 

fipupria 
•  •  ••#  •  •  • 

ri^Bpria 

fep 

n^Bpria 

2  c. 

n*5tjp 

•  •  —f  • 

rtoafj 

nVisp 

rteap 

nfena 

riferia 

1  c. 

PI.  3  m. 

^■o>. 

^Bpna 

^Bp 

iferia 

3  f. 

i&Bp 

aVopria 

*6  Bp 

rfep- 

a'pBpna 

2  m. 

i  •  -/  •  j 

pnferia 

2  f. 

to 

]FiVi3pn» 

fep- 

■jriVBpnit 

1  c. 

JO^Bp 

T  J 

ao^BPiia 

T  •  • *f  •  •  • 

•  •  • 

mVbp 

-  ajferia 

T  •  *1-  •  * 

•  • 

Inf. 

^pa 

• 

nVlJPDX 
x  x»:  .  . 

N^Bp 

T  T  f  — 

a^Bpna 

T  J  • 

Imp.  2  m. 

ittp 

^Bpna 
•  •  •  • 

^.P. 

fena 

2f. 

■^Bpna 
•  •  •  • 

fe 

'fena 

PI.  2  m. 

^.p 

•  • 

^Bpna 
•  •1  •  •  • 

fe 

• 

lfe_na 

2  f. 

iO^Bp 

iopapnx 

«r  •  **l  •  •  • 

•  •  • 

K&Bp 

1*  •  “I- 

• 

aafena 

nr  •  "I*"  •  • 

•  • 

F ut,  3  m. 

Vop? 

Vopn1' 

^BP 

fen' 

3  f. 

Vppri 

^Bpnri 

bspri 

fenh 

2  m. 

Voppi 

yoprin 

fe*! 

ferin 

2  f. 

r^p* 

p^Bprin 

rfe* 

7'fenn 

1  c. 

Vo>'m 

^Bpn’a 

fe« 

^Bpiia 

I^Bpnp 

PI.  3  m. 

^Bp1! 

ifen1! 

ife? 

3  f. 

ton1: 

fe^' 

fen? 

2  m. 

I^P.n 

p^Bpnri 

pPBpri 

7!)fenn 

2  f. 

fen 

iVfe 

fe*! 

jfenn 

1  c. 

Sup3 

• 

^Dprn 

•  •J  •  •  t 
•  • 

fe-3 

fe_ru 

• 

Part.  Act. 

Part.  Pass. 

••it 

^Bp 

i*  • 

i?Bpna 
•  •  • 

^Bpa 

• 

fefc 

fe_nB 

§  19.  PARADIGM  OF  THE  PERFECT  VERB. 


27 


Aphel. 

Ittaphal.  Shaphel.  Ishtaphal. 

•  •J  •  - 

nVopa 

nVopa 

rftapa 
•  •  •!  •  — 

'lVopk 

s6apii 

^apnN  yopo  Vopnax 

•  —  »  •  »r  •  —  — "  •  —  •  • 

itena 
—  •  1  •  —  • 

nbappa 

rfcapna 
•  •  • 1  •  —  • 

“iVop'rix 

N^BpPlM 

•r  ~r  •  —  • 

pnpapN  pripapna 


inSapa 

1  ••  •  •  — 

N^’Optf 

T  •  •  “• 

•  • 

in^Ljprt&t 

!  ••  •  ~ 9  •  —  • 

aaVapria 
•  • 

Kp'opx 

T  -T  f  • 

aVapna  abapa  ^apnax 

T  T  *  •  ~  •  T  T*  J  ~ '  T  T*  J  *"  J  * 

•  — 

a 

■^BpK 
•  •»/  #  — 

!)VopN 

• 

*»*jap« 

T  •  #,l  •  *" 

•  • 

^Bpna  isapa  Vapnaa 

“  /  •  —  •  •  •/  •  —  -I  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

^Bpfia 

•  —  /  •  —  • 

• 

^apna 

wVapFia 

T  •  —  1  •  —  • 

•  • 

^apn 

^apn 

•  •f  •  — 

pVqj^ 

pyopn 

fc?pfl 

• 

^apm  Vapa1'  ^appa' 

»  •  •  •  •  • 

pttpnn 

-I  •  —  • 

i?Djpn_ri 

■p^apnri 

yOpDM 

l^prp. 

pyqpnn 

^;jpnn 

Supnjj 

''W 

^apaa 

••f  •  —  • 

!?Bpnn  *5tipaa  ^apnan 

28 


§  20.  PARTICLES. 


The  above  paradigm  will  serve  also  for  the  Syriac  per¬ 
fect  verb,  attention  being  given  to  the  following  par¬ 
ticulars,  in  addition  to  those  stated  in  §  15;  viz. 

i 

In  Ethpeel,  third  person  feminine,  and  first  common, 
singular  praeter,  the  Syriac  has  1  in  the  penult ;  and  in 
Ethpeel  and  Ethpaal  imperative,  it  has  after  the  first 
radical,  the  second  radical  having  a  linea  occultans. 

In  Pael  and  Ethpaal  there  is,  in  Syriac,  no  reduplication 
of  the  second  radical.  But  the  preformative  of  Ettaphal 
repeats  the  letter  l. 

The  infinitives  of  all  the  derived  conjugations  have 
for  their  penult  vowel. 


CHAPTER  III.  PARTICLES.  %  20, 

The  Chaldee,  like  the  Hebrew,  has  a  prefixed  inter¬ 
rogative  ,  T\. 

The  Chaldee  prefix  prepositions  3  ,  b  are  pointed  as 
in  Hebrew. 

The  Syriac  ^>,  are  pointed  with  1  before  a  letter 
having  no  vowel.  (But  before  j  a®  with  _ .)  Coming 

'h 

before  ),  or  they  draw  back  its  vowel. 

3C  - 

b  ?  when  prefixed  to  the  future,  commonly  excludes  its 
preformative;  and, often, the  preformative  of  the  infinitive 
Peal,  when  prefixed  to  that  form. 

The  prefix  conjunctions  ‘H,  1 , 3 ,  ?,  o *  follow  the  same 
laws  of  punctuation  with  3 ,  b  5  a ,  ^  ♦ 


I 


1 

SAMARITAN. 


The  figures  enclosed,  at  the  end  of  the  title  to  each  section, 
are  references  to  the  corresponding  sections  in  the  Chaldee  and 
Syriac  grammar. 


1 


PART  I. 


WRITING  AND  PRONUNCIATION. 


$  1.  (1.2.) 

The  names  of  the  letters,  (for  which  see  page  5,) 
are  as  follows  ;  viz.  Alaph,  Beth,  Gamal,  Dalath,  He, 
Vau,  Zain,  Heth,Teth,  Yud,  Caph,  Lamad,  Mim,  Nun, 
Semkath,  Gnain,  Pe,  Tzade,  Kuph,  Risch,  Shin,  Tau. 

The  Samaritan  having  no  vowel  points,  they  must 
be  supplied  by  the  reader  from  the  analogies  of  the 
Hebrew  and  Syriac.  The  matres  lectionis ,  A> 

OT,  and  V?  are  often  inserted  to  indicate  the  charac¬ 
ter  of  the  vowel  to  be  supplied. 

A  horizontal  line  over  a  letter  indicates,  either,  1. 
that  the  word  is  used  in  a  signification  different  from 
the  most  common;  or,  2.  that  it  is  abbreviated;  or, 
3.  that  the  letter,  (being  a  quiescent,)  is  to  be  sound¬ 
ed  ;  or,  4.  that  the  letter  is  substituted  for  another,  as 
A  for  . 

The  separation  between  words  is  marked  by  a  point, 
on  the  upper  edge  of  the  line ;  that  between  clauses, 
by  two  points  disposed  horizontally ;  that  between  pe¬ 
riods,  by  two  points,  disposed  vertically  ;  that  between 
verses,  by  an  asterisk;  and  that  between  larger  por¬ 
tions,  by  a  variety  of  signs,  having  no  known  difference 
of  meaning;.  If  the  words  in  a  line  are  not  sufficient 

o 

to  fill  the  space,  two  letters  are  separated,  and  carried 
out  to  the  left  hand  margin. 


PART  II. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


CHAPTER  I.  NOUNS  AND  PRONOUNS. 

§  2.  Gender  and  Number  of  Nouns.  (7.) 

The  feminine  is  formed,  by  adding,  in  substantives 
or  ^  ?  in  adjectives  ,  to  the  masculine. 

Plurals,  masculine,  end  in  or  ^07 ;  feminine,  in 
^ .  To  distinguish  a  masculine  dual,  A  is  sometimes 
inserted  before  the  plural  termination. 

§  3.  Cases  and  Emphasis.  (8.  9.) 

A  noun  is  thrown  into  the  genitive  case,  either,  1. 
by  receiving  the  prefix  T;  or,  2.  by  the  construct  state 
of  the  preceding  noun.  The  construct  state  is  formed, 
in  the  masculine  plural,  by  the  omission  of  ^ ;  in  the 
feminine  singular,  by  the  change  of  to  A ,  or  its  omis¬ 
sion  when  A  precedes  it;  and  in  the  feminine  plural, 
by  the  omission  of  ^  final  from  the  emphatic  state. 

The  dative  is  made  by  the  prefix  2,  • 

The  accusative  is,  1.  the  same  with  the  nominative ; 
or,  2.  it  is  indicated  by  the  particle  AHT,  AA> 
preceding. 

The  article  is  sometimes  expressed  (particularly  in 
Hebrew  nouns)  by  ^  prefixed ;  but,  generally,  by  a 
change  of  the  form  of  the  noun  into  the  emphatic  state. 


PRONOUNS. 


33 


This  is  made,  in  masculines  singular  by  the  addition  of 
% ,  or  the  change  of  HT  to  in  nouns  with  final  flTA ; 
in  feminines  singular,  by  the  addition  of  % ,  or  of  3(A 
tp  nouns  ending  in  %  or  fit ,  or  the  change  of  ^  to 
in  nouns  ending  in  q(;  in  masculines  plural,  by  the 
change  of  ,  to  or  fit  (sometimes  preceded 

by  A);  and  in  feminines  plural,  by  the  change  of  ^1, 
^3A ,  into  ^AA ,  or  . 


§  4.  Personal  and  Possessive  Pronouns.  (10.  11.  12.) 


NOMINATIVE  CASE. 

Singular. 

1  per.  c.  ApA ,  ^3A ,  OT^A ,  OTa'pA 

2  per.  m.  ^[AA ,  AA 

f.  OTAA 

3  per.  m.  At-^ , 

f-  Affft, 


OBLIQUE  CASES. 

rrr'p,  or 
a 

anr,  a,  ora 
3 


Plural. 


1  per.  com.  ’p'pt^A ,  ^1A 

2  per.  masc,.  J4"AA 

fern,  par AA 

3  per.  masc.  J£\1A 

fern.  pflTpA 


^a,  ^at. 

para ,  'pa,  'parat,  ^a*. 
poT^C  ^rr,  Ji. 


The  possessive  pronoun  is  frequently  expressed  by 
ZfifT  with  the  appropriate  suffix. 

Noun  suffixes  are  appended  to  the  construct  state  of 
masculine  plurals ;  and  to  the  emphatic  state,  (with 
final  ^  dropped)  of  singulars  of  both  genders,  and  of 
feminine  plurals. 


34 


VERBS - CONJUGATIONS  AND  DECLENSIONS. 


§  5.  Demonstrative ,  Relative ,  and  Interrogative  Pronouns.  (13.) 

Demonstrative  pronouns  are,  singular,  masculine, 
JlT,  ^<7TV^;  feminine,  ^[AT;  plural 

common,  'jMiA- 

Relatives  are  T ,  ^^A  • 

Interrogatives  are,  masculine  and  feminine,  5BS; 
neuter,  . 


CHAPTER  II.  VERBS. 

§  6.  Conjugations  and  Declensions.  (14.  15.) 

Conjugations  are  the  same  with  those  of  the  Syriac 
and  Chaldee.  For  want  of  vowels,  the  third  and 
fourth  are  hardly  distinguishable  from  the  first  and  se¬ 
cond.  The  characteristic  of  Aphel  is  a  prefixed  A  or 
fit  is  sometimes  inserted  in  the  last  syllable.  The 
characteristic  of  the  passive  conjugations  is  a  prefixed 
AA  or  ?  which  generally  transposes  its  A  with  a 
sibilant  first  radical.  Ettaphal  does  not  double  the 
characteristic  A  • 

The  declension  of  the  praeter  tense  corresponds 
with  the  Syriac,  except  that  nt  final  of  the  second  per¬ 
son  singular  feminine  is  commonly  omitted,  and  it  is 
sometimes  added  to  the  first  person  singular. 

The  infinitive  Peal  prefixes  *£$  .  Other  infinitives 
sometimes  receive,  and  sometimes  reject  it,  and  they 
end  in  ^  or  A  •  But,  in  all  the  conjugations,  infini¬ 
tives  occur  in  the  Hebrew  form. 

Actives  have  two  participles ;  passives,  but  one. 
Out  of  Peal,  participles  prefix  ^  .  nT  or  £  is  inserted 


IRREGULAR  VERBS. 


35 


into  the  second  syllable  of  the  passive  participle  of 
Peal ;  and  sometimes  £  into  the  active. 

Imperatives  add  to  the  masculine  singular  fit  to  form 
the  feminine  singular ;  and  £  for  the  masculine,  and 
or  ^  for  the  feminine,  plural. 

The  future  preformatives  and  sufformatives  are  as 
follows ;  viz.,  singular,  third  person,  masculine,  -fit ; 
feminine, -A;  second,  masculine, -A;  feminine, fit  -A , 
^rr-A;  first,  -A ;  plural,  third  masculine,  ^  -fiT , 
£  —nt ;  feminine,  ^  -fit?  ^  -A;  second  masculine, 
jKr-A,  t  -A;  feminine,  "j]  -A ;  first  .  The  per¬ 
sons,  which  have  no  sufformative,  in  Peal,  often  have 
t  in  the  last  syllable. 

Pronouns  of  the  first  and  second  persons  are  some¬ 
times  compounded  with  participles,  and  then  an  abbre¬ 
viation  commonly  takes  place. 

§  7.  Irregular  Verbs.  (18.) 

Verbs  Pe  Maph  change  A  to  fit  in  those  Peal  and 
Aphel  forms,  (sometimes  also  in  their  passives,)  where 
the  first  radical  of  the  perfect  verb  would  close  a  com¬ 
pound  syllable.  In  Pael  and  Ethpaal,  A  is  often  drop¬ 
ped.  In  Peal,  it  is  sometimes  changed  to  % ,  and  in 
Aphel  to  • 

Verbs  Pe  Yud  drop  the  first  radical  in  the  impera¬ 
tive,  and  the  future,  (generally,)  of  Peal.  In  Aphel 
and  Ettaphal  they  commonly  change  it  to  ^ . 

Verbs  Pe  Nan  commonly  drop  the  first  radical  in  the 
imperative,  infinitive,  and  future,  of  Peal,  and  in  the 
whole  of  Aphel. 

Verbs  Gnain  Van ,  in  Peal,  drop  the  middle  radical 
in  the  praeterite,  sometimes  substituting  for  it  V  or 


i 


36 


VERBS. - PARTICLES. 


A  5  or  fiT ;  in  the  active  participle,  they  change  it  for 
A,  V,  ^  A^f  *  or  AOT  ;  in  the  passive,  for  (if ;  in  the 
imperative  and  future,  they  sometimes  retain,  and 
sometimes  reject  it ;  in  the  infinitive,  they  sometimes 
receive,  and  sometimes  omit,  the  preformative  .  In 
Ethpeel,  Pael  and  Ethpaal,  t  is  changed  to  (if ;  but, 
for  the  latter  conjugation,  Ethpolal  is  oftener  found. 
In  Aphel  and  Ettaphal,  t  is  changed  to  (if ,  which  how¬ 
ever  is  omitted  before  syllabic  sufformatives ;  some¬ 
times,  to  A  • 

Verbs  Gnain  doubled  change  the  second  radical,  in 
the  active  participle  of  Peal,  for  A?  which  falls  out  in 
some  forms  of  declension.  In  the  rest  of  Peal,  in 
Aphel,  and  in  Ettaphal,  the  second  radical  falls  out. 
The  future,  and  (sometimes)  the  infinitive,  of  Peal,  re¬ 
ceive  (if  before  the  first  radical. 

Verbs  having  a  quiescent  for  the  third  radical,  viz. 
A ^  ,  or  (if ,  are  conjugated  and  declined  like  Sy¬ 

riac  verbs  Lomad  Olaph.  A  ?  before  suffixes,  is  re¬ 
tained,  or  changed  to  A ;  in  both  cases,  throwing  out 
^  ,  when  it  is  the  first  letter  of  the  suffix.  (if  before 
suffixes  is  retained. 


CHAPTER  III.  PARTICLES. 

§  8.  (20.) 

The  interrogative  prefix  is  ^  or  A*  Prefixed  ad¬ 
verbs,  prepositions,  and  conjunctions  are  3 ,  T ,  t , 
2 ,  .  A  5  abbreviated  from  AflT  ,  the  sign  of  the  ac¬ 

cusative,  sometimes  intervenes,  in  the  same  word,  be¬ 
tween  a  verb  and  its  suffix. 


RABBINICAL. 


♦ 

.  ■'  I 


. 


■ 

1 

' 


' 


a 


PART  I. 


WRITING  AND  PRONUNCIATION. 


§  1. 

The  text  of  the  Talmuds  is  expressed  in  the  Hebrew  and  Chaldee 
square  letter.  Other  writings  commonly  employ  the  characters  given 
in  the  right  hand  column  of  page  5. 

f)  and  !>  are  often  thus  connected  ;  £ . 

For  the  name  of  God,  the  following  expressions  occur  ;  viz.  ^ , 

,  OED  ,  'D  ,  D'7&  ,  0'p!>f> . 

Vowel  points  are  rarely  affixed.  The  matres  lectionis,  'lb  ,  are  of¬ 
ten  inserted,  to  indicate  that  the  vowel  supplied  should  be  one  of  those, 
which  are  commonly  attached  to  these  letters  respectively. 

The  repetition  of  a  quiescent  letter  often  indicates,  that,  in  that 
place,  it  is  moveable  ;  as  7P11  for  “isn  . 

The  Rabbinical  dialect  abounds  in  abbreviations.  Sometimes  a 
compound  word  drops  part  of  one,  or  of  both,  of  the  words  compounded ; 
as  P'!>  for  P'b  f>!> .  Without  such  reason,  letters  are  often  dropped  from 
the’middle  and  end,  and  sometimes  from  the  beginning  of  words.  Ab¬ 
breviations  are  often  denoted  by  '  following  the  part  remaining  of  the 
abbreviated  word.  The  same  mark,  following  a  single  letter,  generally 
indicates,  that  it  is  used  as  a  numeral ;  as  't> ,  for  1.  Doubled,  it  de¬ 
notes,  either  a  union  of  numerical  letters,  as  7 for  14  ;  or,  that  the  let¬ 
ter  or  letters  to  which  it  is  attached,  make  the  subject  of  remark,  as 
qV  f)  for  the  letter  N  ;  or  that  they  are  the  initials  of  so  many  different 
words,  as  fM  for  O’HPb  £' . 


PART  IT. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


CHAPTER  I.  NOUNS  AND  PRONOUNS. 

§  2,  Gender,  Number ,  Cases,  and  Article-form,  of  Nouns. 

The  Rabbinical  dialect  follows  the  Hebrew  and  the  Chaldee  in  the 
forms  of  the  feminine  gender,  and  of  the  plural  number.  Sometimes  it 
distinguishes  a  dual  number  by  the  use  of  a  double  Yod  ;  as  .  It 
indicates  the  genitive  case,  either  by  7  or  i >C  prefixed,  or  the  construct 
state,  which  takes  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  forms ;  the  dative  by  !> ;  the 
accusative  by  ,  P' ,  .  /It  expresses  the  article  either  by  a  prefix, 

like  the  Hebrew,  or  by  emphasis,  like  the  Chaldee. 

§  3.  Personal ,  Possessive,  and  Demonstrative  Pronouns. 

Pronominal  suffixes  are  the  same  with  the  Hebrew  or  the  Chaldee, 
except  that  f)  is  sometimes  used  for  '  in  the  first  person  singular,  and 
the  feminine  J  often  for  the  masculine  o  in  the  third  person  plural,  and 
sometimes  for  the  first  person  ;  ’>1  and  D  occur  for  ;  and  the  forms  of 
the  second  and  third  persons  plural  frequently  lose  their  last  letter.  In 
the  formation  of  possessives  after  the  manner  described  on  page  13,  t> , 
as  well  as  '7  ,  is  used  by  the  Rabbins. 

Peculiar  demonstrative  pronouns  are  ;  masculine  singular,  'fO  ,  fOf) , 

,  iro'fr  ,  f)7'f> ,  jnf> ;  plural,  Wf> ,  W) ,  m  ,  iron  ,  M  ,  li)!o  ,  pjo  , 
pi?') ;  feminine  singular,  f)D  ,  ;  plural,  iCW  , 

;  neuter  singular,  1) ,  *0  ;  common  singular,  "p  ,  ,  t> r> ;  plural, 

*or> ,  po,  •pr> . 


VERBS - CONJUGATIONS  AND  DECLENSIONS 


41 


CHAP.  IT.  VERBS. 

§  4.  Conjugations  and  Declensions. 

The  Rabbinical  dialect  uses  the  Hebrew  and  the  Chaldee  forms  of 
conjugation  and  declension,  to  which  it  makes  some  additions.  Pecu¬ 
liar  to  it,  is  the  conjugation  Nithpahel,  which  has  commonly  a  passive, 
hut  sometimes  an  active  or  a  neuter  sense.  r>p  and  P) ,  preformatives 
of  passive  conjugations,  often  omit  the  P . 

In  the  praeter,  adopted  from  the  Chaldee,  P  of  the  sufformative  is 
generally  dropped  in  the  first  person,  and  in  the  third  feminine,  singu¬ 
lar,  (which  latter  then  usually  receives  p) ;  and  }  in  the  second  mascu¬ 
line  plural. 

Infinitives  occur,  in  all  the  conjugations,  with  '  paragogic,  and  1  pre¬ 
fixed  to  their  last  radical. 

1 ,  prefixed  to  the  future,  is  never  conversive.  3  ,  as  in  Chaldee,  is 
prefixed  to  futures  ;  which  then  often  take  the  place  of  infinitives.  5  is 
often,  by  Syriasm,  the  preformative  of  the  third  person  in  both  num¬ 
bers. 

Participles  are  often  compounded  with  pronouns.  Their  preforma¬ 
tive  P  often  gives  place  to  the  preformative  of  the  praeterite,  in  derived 
conjugations. 

§  5.  Irregular  Verbs. 

These  follow,  in  general,  the  forms  of  the  Hebrew  and  Chaldee. 

In  verbs  Pe  Aleph,  the  first  radical  is  thrown  out  in  some  impera¬ 
tives  of  the  first  conjugation  ;  PPli>  and  !oi!>  occur  instead  of  the  regular 
infinitives  ")Pp  and  io P ;  and,  in  the  future  6  is  retained,  or  changed  to 
' .  In  other  conjugations,  particularly  in  Pael  and  Ithpaal,  P  is  thrown 
out.  In  Aphel,  it  is  changed  to  1  or  ' .  ppp  ,  one  of  this  class  of  verbs, 
has  the  peculiar  anomaly  of  substituting  p  for  the  last  radical  in  several 
of  its  forms. 

Verbs  Pc  Yod,  with  few  exceptions,  prefix  i>  to  the  infinitive. 


42 


IRREGULAR  VERBS.  PARTICLES 


Verbs  Gnain  Aleph  often  omit  t> ,  or  change  it  to  ^  ,  or 
Verbs  Gnain  Vau  sometimes  prefix  \  to  the  infinitive.  The  active 
participle  of  Peal  changes  1  into  b  or  ' .  The  active  participle  of  Pael 
sometimes  makes  a  masculine  plural  in  ) .  The  infinitive  of  Aphel 
sometimes  ends  in  1 ,  like  the  Syriac. 

Verbs  Gnain  doubled  make  the  active  participle  of  the  first  conjuga¬ 
tion  by  inserting  ”  between  the  first  two  radicals,  the  third  being  omit¬ 
ted.  In  infinitives  Kal  and  Pael,  they  insert '  after  the  first  radical. 

Verbs  Lamed  Aleph  and  Lamed  He  are,  in  great  part,  confounded 
in  the  Rabbinical  forms,  b  being  either  thrown  out,  or  changed,  in  the 
former  class,  and  sometimes,  on  the  other  hand,  inserted,  in  the  latter. 
Aphel  active  participles  sometimes  make  a  plural  in  1 . 


CHAPTER  III.  PARTICLES. 

§  6. 

The  Rabbins  add  three  to  the  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  prefix  particles ; 
viz.  b  in  the  same  sense  with  3 ,  } ,  !)P ;  p ,  bp ,  an  expletive,  corres¬ 
ponding  to  the  Greek  yt ;  and  ,  equivalent  to  P . 


CONTENTS. 


Alphabets, 


Page. 

5 


CHALDEE  AND  SYRIAC. 


Vowels,  ........ 

Peculiar  sounds  of  some  consonants, 

Quiescents  and  Otiants,  ..... 

Linea  Occultans,  ....... 

Ribbui,  ........ 

Nun  Epenthetic,  ....... 

Tone  syllable,  ....... 

Nouns  ;  forms  of  gender  and  number, 

“  “  cases,  ..... 

“  “  emphasis,  ..... 

Pronouns  ;  personal ;  Chaldee,  .... 

“  Syriac,  . 

possessive  ;  Chaldee  and  Syriac, 
demonstrative,  relative,  and  interrogative, 
Verbs ;  forms  of  conjugations,  .... 

“  declensions,  . 

“  suffix  state,  .... 

peculiar  forms  of  regular,  . 
irregular,  Pe  Aleph,  .... 

“  Yod,  . 

“  Nun,  .... 

Gnain  Aleph,  . 

“  Vau,  .... 

“  doubled,  . 

Lamed  Aleph, 

Paradigm  of  the  Perfect  verb, 

Particles,  ........ 


« 

a 

u 


a 

u 

a 

a 

a 

it 

a 

a 

ii 

fi 

it 


it 

u 

<( 

a 

u 

a 


6 

.  6 
7 

.  7 
7 

.  7 
7 

.  8 
4  8 

.  9 
.  10 
11 

.  12 
13 

14,  28 

15,  28 

.  17 

19 
.  19 

20 

.  20 
20 

.  21 
22 
.  23 

26 

.  28 


44 


CONTENTS. 


SAMARITAN. 

Writing  and  Pronunciation,  .... 

Nouns  ;  forms  of  gender  and  number,  . 

“  “  cases  and  emphasis, 

Pronouns  ;  personal  and  possessive, 

“  demonstrative,  relative,  and  interrogative. 
Verbs  ;  conjugations  and  declensions, 

“  irregular,  ...... 

Particles,  ........ 


RABBINICAL. 


Writing  and  pronunciation,  .... 
Nouns ;  forms  of  gender,  number,  case,  and  article, 
Pronouns  ;  personal,  possessive,  and  demonstrative, 
Verbs  ;  conjugations  and  declensions,  . 

“  irregular, . 

Particles, . 


Page. 

31 

32 

32 

33 

34 

34 

35 

36 


39 
.  40 

40 
.  41 

41 
.  42 


* 


-,-v 


V 


' 


